“I’m a ‘never Trump’ guy. I never liked him.”
That was from JD Vance in interviews and on Twitter in 2016, when the publication of his memoir Hillbilly Elegy catapulted him to fame.
In the same year, he wrote privately to an associate on Facebook: “I go back and forth between thinking Trump is a cynical asshole … or that he’s America’s Hitler”.
A few short years later, Vance transformed himself into one of Trump’s steadfast allies.
The first-term senator from Ohio is now by Trump’s side as vice-presidential running mate – and, by extension, an early frontrunner for the Republican presidential nomination in 2028 – with a reliably conservative voting record and Midwestern roots that Republicans hope will boost support at the ballot box.
In fact, Vance has made something of a habit of transformation. How did he emerge from a tough upbringing to reach the highest levels of American politics?
Vance was born James David Bowman in Middletown, Ohio, to a mother who struggled with addiction and a father who left the family when JD was a toddler.
He was raised by his grandparents, “Mamaw” and “Papaw”, whom he sympathetically portrayed in his 2016 memoir Hillbilly Elegy.
Although Middletown is located in rust-belt Ohio, Mr Vance identified closely with his family’s roots slightly to the south in Appalachia, the vast mountainous inland region that stretches from the Deep South to the fringes of the industrial Midwest. It includes some of the country’s poorest areas.
Vance painted an honest portrait of the trials, travails and bad decisions of his family members and friends. And his book also took a decidedly conservative view – describing them as chronic spendthrifts, dependent on welfare payments and mostly failing to pull themselves up by their bootstraps.
He wrote that he saw Appalachians “reacting to bad circumstances in the worst way possible” and that they were products of “a culture that encourages social decay instead of counteracting it”.
“The truth is hard,” he wrote, “and the hardest truths for hill people are the ones they must tell about themselves.”
While he poured scorn on “elites” and exclusive society, he painted himself as a counterpoint to the chronic failure of those he grew up with.
By the time the book came out, Mr Vance’s own bootstrap tugging had slung him far away from Middletown: first to the US Marines and a tour of duty in Iraq, and later to Ohio State University, Yale Law School and a job as a venture capitalist in California.
Hillbilly Elegy made him not only into a bestselling author, but a sought-after commentator who was frequently called upon to explain Donald Trump’s appeal to white, working-class voters.
He rarely missed an opportunity to criticise the then-Republican nominee.
“I think this election is really having a negative effect especially on the white working class,” he told an interviewer in October 2016.
“What it’s doing is giving people an excuse to point the finger at someone else, point the finger at Mexican immigrants, or Chinese trade or the Democratic elites or whatever else.”
Where does he stand on the issues?
In the Senate he has been a reliable conservative vote, backing populist economic policies and emerging as one of the biggest congressional sceptics of aid to Ukraine.
Given his short tenure in the Democrat-led chamber, the bills he has sponsored have rarely moved forward, and have more often been about sending messages than changing policy.
In recent months, Mr Vance introduced bills to withhold federal funds for colleges where there are encampments or protests against Israel’s war in Gaza, and to colleges that employ undocumented immigrants.
Mr Vance also sponsored legislation in March that would cut the Chinese government off from US capital markets if it does not follow international trade law.
He hit all of these themes at a recent speech at the National Conservatism Conference, where he declared: “The real threat to American democracy is that American voters keep on voting for less immigration and our politicians keep on rewarding us with more.”
He said the idea of the American Dream – “This very basic idea that you should be able to build a good life for yourself and your family in the country you call home” – was “under siege by the left”.
And he said that American involvement in Ukraine had “no obvious conclusion or even objective that we’re close to getting accomplished”.
Also at the conference, he said the UK was “not doing so good” because of immigration and claimed that under a Labour government, the country had become the “first truly Islamist country” with a nuclear bomb.
Mr Vance, who was baptised as a Catholic in 2019, has expressed support in the past for a nationwide abortion after 15 weeks. But he recently backed Trump’s view that the matter was for states to decide.
When his Hitler comment was first reported, in 2022, a spokesperson did not dispute it, but said it no longer represented his views.
How did Republicans – and others – react?
Mr Vance received waves of loud applause when he entered the convention arena in Milwaukee on Monday. He walked over to the Ohio contingent and, looking somewhat in awe of the scene, took selfies with delegates as he was being introduced.
“He’s from humble beginnings and he’s young,” said delegate Amanda Suffecool, the party’s chair in Portage County, in north-east Ohio. “A lot of people are going to think he looks like him.”
Mr Vance was also one of the first top Republicans to point the finger at Democrat campaign rhetoric in the wake of the attempted assassination of Donald Trump at a rally on Saturday.
“The central premise of the Biden campaign is that President Donald Trump is an authoritarian fascist who must be stopped at all costs,” he posted on X hours after the shooting. “That rhetoric led directly to President Trump’s attempted assassination.”
In comments on Monday, President Biden called Mr Vance a “clone of Trump” – indicating how Democrats will attempt to portray him for the rest of the campaign.